The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. 133 8.5.2. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. <i>Methods</i>. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. . The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. "National Statistical Abstract. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. (2013). The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Agron., 16: 180-195. . The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Kassaye Tolassa . Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Agriculture. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. 27 May 2021. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. An estimated 85 percent of the . Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Official websites use .gov The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. >. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. Trade. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Overview. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. Agriculture. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. State farms sold their output to the AMC. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Agriculture. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Private . The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland.